2018-2019 Winter: Historical Analysis Source Guide

Dean, Carolyn. Inka Bodies and the Body of Christ: Corpus Christi in Colonial Cuzco, Peru. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999.

Note: While this article is about religious paintings created in the colonial period, it provides useful information for analysis of Inca motifs found in textiles, especially animals (monkeys, parrots, llamas, etc.).

Niles, Susan. “Artist and Empire in Inca and Colonial Textiles.” In To Weave for the Sun: Ancient Andean Textiles in the Museum of Fine Arts, edited by Rebecca R. Stone-Miller, 51-65. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1992.

Note: Introduction to Inca weaving techniques and their transformation in colonial works; considers the nature of production and the relation of these cloths to Andean identity.

Phipps, Elena. “Textiles as Cultural Memory: Andean Garments in the Colonial Period.” In Converging Cultures: Art and Identity in Spanish America, edited by Diana Fane, 144–156. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996.

Note: Written by a leading scholar of Andean textiles, Phipps’s article provides a clear overview of the coming together of Andean and European textile traditions in early colonial Peru with a focus on the lliclla, women’s mantles that continued to be worn after the conquest.

Pillsbury, Joanne. “Inca-Colonial Tunics: A Case Study of the Bandelier Set.” In Andean Textile Traditions: Papers from the 2001 Mayer Center Symposium, edited by M. Young Sánchez and F. W. Simpson, 123-168. Denver: Denver Art Museum, 2006.

Note: An examination of the group of early colonial tunics in the American Museum of Natural History known as the Bandelier Set. Shows that traditional Inca motifs survived into the colonial period but were made to coexist with new European-influenced elements.

Rowe, Ann Pollard. “Inca Weaving and Costume.” Textile Museum Journal 34–35 (1995–1996): 5–53. Academic Search Complete. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=505712395&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Note: With a well-written text defining and describing all forms and features of Inca clothing and accoutrements (e.g., slings, bags, belts, pins, and sandals) and styles of weaving, and with excellent photos illustrating the various women’s and men’s garments discussed in the text.

Database: Academic Search Complete

(On-campus or VPN access required)

Rowe, John Howland. “Standardization in Inca Tapestry Tunics.” In The Junius B. Bird PreColumbian Textile Conference, May 19th and 20th, 1973, edited by Ann Pollard Rowe, Elizabeth P. Benson, and Anne Louise Schaffer, 239–260. Washington, DC: Textile Museum, 1979.

Note: An important work in establishing that Inca royal tunics (uncus) were produced according to standardized weaving processes and design principles and that they bore elaborate geometric iconography expressive of core values and principles of Inca ideology and statecraft.

Stanfield-Mazzi, Maya. Object and Apparition: Envisioning the Christian Divine in the Colonial Andes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016.

Note: Useful for analysis of Inca motifs.

Stanfield Mazzi, Maya. “The Possessor’s Agency: Private Art Collecting in the Colonial Andes.” Colonial Latin American Review 18, no. 3 (2009): 339–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10609160903336150

Note: Addresses the collecting of textiles within the larger frame of art collecting in colonial Peru, and considers as an example a tapestry made for the rebel leader Túpac Amaru II.

Stone, Rebecca R. “‘And All Theirs Different From His’: The Dumbarton Oaks Royal Inka Tunic in Context.” In Variations in the Expression of Inka Power: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 18 and 19 October 1997, edited by Richard Burger, Craig Morris, and Ramiro Matos, 385–422. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007.

Note: Article considering the Inca royal tunic with allover tocapu patterning. Establishes that this tunic type was reserved for the Inca ruler.

Zuidema, R. Tom. “Guaman Poma and the Art of Empire: Toward an Iconography of Inca Royal Dress.” In Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century, edited by Kenneth J. Andrien and Rolena Adorno, 151–202. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

Note: An interesting argument for the symbolic meaning and political significance attached to uncus depicted in the drawings by the native chronicler Guaman Poma de Ayala. Sections include discussions of design layout, ancestral and calendrical elements, and tunics connected with specific rituals and ceremonies. Also treats the continuing significance of uncus in the colonial Andes.

Selections from Cambios: The Spirit of Transformation in Spanish Colonial Art. Gabrielle Palmer and Donna Pierce, essays. Albuquerque: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, University of New Mexico Press, 1992. (pp. 24 – 72)

a) Plate 11 Our Lady of Copacabana (page 32)
b) Plate 15 The Immaculate Conception (page 34) from the School of Diego Quispe Tito
c) Plate 23 Santa Rosa de Lima (page 41)

Cuzco School

a) Christ Carrying the Cross with the Virgin and Angels
b) Our Lady of Cocharcas, under the Baldachin

Image folder (UCI login required)

Our Lady image also on Vistas and on Artstor (On-campus or VPN access required)

Cohen Suarez, Ananda. Humanities Core Friday Forum. 18 January 2018.

Note: Dr. Cohen-Aponte was a guest speaker in Humanities Core last year and discussed the religious murals from colonial churches around Cuzco. This lecture may be cited as a secondary source.

Damian, Carol. The Virgin of the Andes: Art and Ritual in Colonial Cuzco. Miami Beach: Grassfield Press, 1995

Note: A finely illustrated book using statue paintings of the Virgin Mary to argue that in the colonial Andes the Virgin was understood as a manifestation of the Inca earth goddess Pachamama.

Dean, Carolyn. Inka Bodies and the Body of Christ: Corpus Christi in Colonial Cuzco, Peru. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999. ProQuest EBook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uci/detail.action?docID=3007824

Note: Discusses religious paintings created in the colonial period. Useful for analysis of Inca motifs, especially animals (monkeys, parrots, llamas, etc.).

ProQuest Ebook Central (On-campus or VPN access required)

Also on reserve at Langson Library
GT4995.C6 D43 1999

Kagan, Richard L. Urban Images of the Hispanic World 1493–1793. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.

Note: Considers cityscapes from throughout colonial Latin America in relation to Spanish imperial aims. Includes sections on painted images of the cities of Lima, Cusco, and Potosí. Refers directly to the Virgin of the Mountain of Potosí.

Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta. “Cultural Transfer and Arts in the Americas.” In The Virgin, Saints, and Angels: South American Paintings 1600–1825 from the Thoma Collection, edited by Suzanne Stratton Pruitt, 19–25. Milan: Skira, 2006.

Note: Excellent overview of the purposes and motives behind Colonial art.

Mills, Kenneth. “Religious Imagination in the Viceroyalty of Peru.” In The Virgin, Saints, and Angels: South American Paintings 1600–1825 from the Thoma Collection, edited by Suzanne Stratton Pruitt, 27–39. Milan: Skira, 2006.

Note: Excellent overview of the purposes and motives behind Colonial art.

Palmer, Gabrielle G. “Mestizaje: The Changing Face of Spanish Colonial Art in South America.” In Cambios: The Spirit of Transformation in Spanish Colonial Art, essays by Gabrielle Palmer and Donna Pierce, 14-23. Albuquerque: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, University of New Mexico Press, 1992.

Note: Excellent overview of the purposes and motives behind Colonial art.

Phipps, Elena, Johanna Hecht, and Cristina Esteras Martín. The Colonial Andes: Tapestries and Silverwork, 1530–1830. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Note: A text to accompany an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art with scholarly articles on the Inca past, colonial textiles, Peruvian silverwork, the transformation of the colonial Andean tapestry tradition, and more general articles on the transformation of Inca society under Spanish colonial rule.

Rappaport, Joanne, and Tom Cummins. Beyond the Lettered City: Indigenous Literacies in the Andes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uci/detail.action?docID=1172986

Note: An anthropological and art historical consideration of the imposition of literacy on the Andean world, through which the authors consider not just alphabetic writing but visual communication and urban design. Questions how native Andeans engaged with European symbolic systems and altered their worldviews under Spanish colonial rule. Useful for analysis of heraldry (coats of arms) and murals.

Stanfield-Mazzi, Maya. Object and Apparition: Envisioning the Christian Divine in the Colonial Andes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016.

Note: Useful for analysis of Inca motifs.

Nair, Stella. “Localizing Sacredness, Difference, and Yachacuscamcani in a Colonial Andean Painting.” Art Bulletin 89, no. 2 (2007): 211–238. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25067315.

Note: Discusses a painting depicting nobles of the town of Chinchero, Peru, and considers ways in which they distinguished themselves within a larger Christian identity. Useful for analysis of images of Corpus Christi processions.

Rowe, John H. “Colonial Portraits of Inca Nobles.” In The Civilizations of Ancient America: Selected Papers of the XXIXth International Congress of Americanists, edited by Sol Taz, 258–268. New York: Cooper Square, 1967.

Note: The first study of the portraits of colonial period Inca nobles located in the Museo Inka in Cusco.

Stanfield Mazzi, Maya. “Cult, Countenance, and Community: Donor Portraits from the Colonial Andes.” Religion and the Arts 15, no. 4 (2011): 429–459. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=64494984&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Note: Article outlining the nature of donor portraits in colonial Peru and their background in European tradition. Analyzes a series of portraits depicting donors under the principal cult image of Cusco, the statue known as Christ of the Earthquakes.

Timberlake, Marie. “The Painted Image and the Fabrication of Colonial Andean History: Jesuit and Andean Visions in Conflict in Matrimonio de García de Loyola con Ñusta Beatriz.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2001.

Note: The first in-depth study of one of the most emblematic works of the Cusco School, the painting installed in the Jesuit main church in Cusco and depicting the marriage of Martín García de Loyola, a nephew of St. Ignatius Loyola, to Beatriz Clara Coya Ñusta, the most legitimate surviving member of the Inca royal line.

Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Art of Colonial Latin America. London: Phaidon, 2005.

Note: Bailey takes a thematic approach in his text, with the first two chapters treating the encounter between the natives and Europeans and native artistic responses to Spanish colonialism.

Donahue Wallace, Kelly. Art and Architecture of Viceregal Latin America, 1521–1821. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008. ProQuest EBook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uci/detail.action?docID=1104397

Note: The first three chapters of this textbook consider 16th-century Mexico and Peru, focusing on architecture, sculpture, painting, and urban planning from both the native and Spanish perspective.

ProQuest EBook Central (On-campus or VPN access required)

Also on reserve at Langson Library
N6502.2 .D66 2008

Engel, Emily A. “Visualizing a Colonial Peruvian Community in the Eighteenth- Century Paintings of Our Lady of Cocharcas.” Religion & the Arts 13, no. 3 (2009): 299–339. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=43568422&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Note: An article centered on a popular subvariant of the statue painting works that depict Our Lady of Cocharcas, a miraculous statue from Apurimac, Peru, enshrined on a baldachin and set within the outdoor landscape of the town of Cocharcas.

Katzew, Ilona, ed. Contested Visions in the Spanish Colonial World. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2011.

Note: The exhibition and associated catalogue consider how indigenous peoples were represented in colonial art, by themselves and by others. Includes images of a range of colonial materials, including codices, feather works, queros, and textiles.

Okada, Hiroshige. “Inverted Exoticism? Monkeys, Parrots, and Mermaids in Andean Colonial Art.” In The Virgin, Saints, and Angels: South American Paintings 1600–1825 from the Thoma Collection, edited by Suzanne Stratton Pruitt, 66–79. Milan: Skira, 2006.

Note: Okada critiques the traditional reading of exotic images in Andean painting as elements of indigenous resistance, and sees such images as borrowed from European stereotypes of the exotic. Useful for analysis of animal motifs.

Betanzos, Juan de. Narrative of the Incas. Translated and edited by Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.

Note: An early Spanish settler’s account of Inca history as told to him by his Inca wife, mother-in-law, and other female relatives. The Spanish conquest is treated in the last chapters.

Cobo, Bernabé. History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indians’ Customs and Their Origin, Together with a Treatise on Inca Legends, History, and Social Institutions. Translated and edited by Roland Hamilton. Texas Pan American series. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

Note: The Spanish Jesuit Bernabé Cobo was an acute observer of society and nature. This account of the history of the Inca Empire is based on his personal investigations and documents and chronicles by other authors to whom he had access. Many observations and opinions about colonial Indians are scattered in this history of the Incas.

de Zárate, Agustin. The discovery and conquest of Peru; a translation of Books I to IV of Agustín de Zárate’s history of these events, supplemented by eye-witness accounts of certain incidents by Francisco de Jerez, Miguel Estete, Juan Ruiz de Arce, Hernando Pizarre [sic], Diege [sic] de Trujillo, and Alonso de Guzman, who took part in the conquest, and by Pedro Cieza de León, Garcilaso de la Vega ‘the Inca, ‘ and José de Acesta, later historians who had first hand sources of information. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968.

Note: Originally published in Antwerp in 1555, and first translated into English in 1581. Zárate was not a conquistador, but he was in Peru by the early 1540s and had close contact with Gonzalo Pizarro and other prominent figures.

E-book of reprint on Archive.org

See also e-book of Jerez’ True Account of the Conquest of Peru EBSOhost Ebooks

Pizarro, Pedro. Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru. Translated by Philip Ainsworth Means. New York : Kraus Reprint, 1969.

Note: First published in a 1550 collection.

Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. History of the Incas. Translated and edited by Brian S. Bauer and Vania Smith. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007. ProQuest Ebook Central https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uci/detail.action?docID=3443304 .

Note: A history of the Incas commissioned by Peru’s Viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1569–1580), meant to undermine indigenous claims of natural law sovereignty and therefore to justify the Spanish conquest.

Julien, Catherine. Reading Inca History. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000.

Note: Julien questions the nature of Inca histories and argues that the Inca did have a historical consciousness. Focuses on Spanish language historical accounts and suggests that these were based on Inca sources. Through these sources, she tries to uncover Inca historic genres.

Seed, Patricia. “Failing to Marvel”: Atahualpa’s Encounter with the Word.” Latin American Research Review 26, no. 1 (1991): 7-32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2503763

Note: Gives a critical account of the multiple meetings at Cajamarca in 1532 among the Spanish and the Inca.

Zamora, Margarita. Language, Authority and Indigenous History in Comentarios reales de los Incas. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ACLS Humanities e-book. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03626.0001.001

Note: An intertextual study of Garcilaso de la Vega’s history of the Inca as shaped by Renaissance humanism and the mestizo author’s Christian beliefs.

D’Altroy, Terence N. The Incas. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002.

Note: The best concise overview of the Inca rise and fall by a veteran archaeologist, with concluding chapters on the conquest.

ProQuest EBook Central (On-campus or VPN access required)

Also on reserve at Langson Library F3429 .L17 2008